Nursing process

The nursing process is a process by which nurses deliver care to patients, supported by nursing models or philosophies. The nursing process was originally an adapted form of problem-solving and is classified as a deductive theory.

Nursing process is a patient centered, goal oriented method of caring that provides a framework to nursing care. It involves five major steps of assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation/intervention and evaluating.

A - Assess (what is the situation?) D - Diagnose (what is the problem?) P - Plan (how to fix the problem) I - Implement (putting plan into action) E - Evaluate (did the plan work?) All together equaling ADPIE

Wikipedia
Image : www.plu.edu

10 Easy Ways To Make Children Smarter

Scientific research shows that intelligence is both genetic and environmental. Intelligence is also not fixed but can be increased because the brain develops new neurons and interconnections with stimulation.

A supportive environment fosters numerous aspects of intelligence. The following 10 easy ways to stimulate intelligence in children will provide an "enriched environment" for brain growth.

One: Love and Self-Esteem Improve Academic Performance

In a long series of experiments, Prescott Lecky, an American educational researcher, found a high correlation between low self-esteem and learning problems in children.

He correctly theorized that by raising a child's self-esteem, learning performance would also improve.

His success stories include a poor speller who averaged 55 in six months, a Latin student who went from 30 after three encouraging conversations with a teacher, and a student considered to have no aptitude for English who improved over a semester to win the school's literary prize.

Two: Breast Fed Babies Are Smarter

Danish researchers found that mother's milk contained essential micronutrients for brain development. In fact, the longer the child was breast fed, the more the brain was nourished. For example, infants breast fed for 9 months were smarter than infants only breast-fed for two months.

Three: Proper Nutrition Improve Health And Nerve Conduction

Diets high in sugar, Trans fatty acids, and salt decreased health in children. Junk food failed to provide sufficient iron for healthy brain development, resulting in poor nerve impulses. Children with nutritional deficiency also missed school more often because of illness and fell behind their peers.

Four: Proper Breakfast Improves Attention At School

Thirty years of research has shown a strong correlation between breakfast and mental alertness. Children who had nutritious breakfasts had better memory. They also concentrated better and absorbed more information during class. Those who had no breakfast or poor breakfast were more irritable and distracted during class.

Five: Exercise Benefits Intelligence And Personality

Research conducted by the University of Illinois showed that fitter children performed better academically. Besides the obvious physiological benefits of improved oxygen intake, blood flow, immune stimulation, and neural transmission, there was also a psychological and sociological component, too. Psychologically, fitter children showed higher self-esteem. Sociologically, those who participated in organized sports displayed more confidence, more cooperation, and spontaneous leadership.

Six: Musical Training Improves IQ Into Adulthood

Long-term research by the University of Toronto showed that organized music lessons benefited children all the way into adulthood. The longer the child studied music, the higher their IQs as adults. Music students also displayed better grades throughout their schooling.

Seven: Some Video Games Enhance Mental Acuity

Research by the University of Rochester found that certain video games improved sensory perception, strategic thinking, and planning ahead of time. The video games that created positive mental improvements had an educational element that improved motor skills and enhanced memory.

Eight: Mind Games Do More Than Entertain

Board games like chess, checkers, creative games like Lego and jigsaw puzzles, and brainteaser games like crosswords, cryptograms, riddles, and Sudoku improved intelligence. Specifically, they stimulated better decision-making, smarter analytical thinking, and more accurate problem solving.

Nine: Reading Improves Both Creativity And Logic

Whether a child was read to at bedtime, or actively read their own books, silently or aloud, they displayed increased left and right brain intellectual growth. Both fiction and non-fiction books improved creative imagination and logical, sequential thinking.

Ten: Nurturing Curiosity Creates An Open, Absorbent Mind

Curiosity, the urge to seek knowledge, is essential to improving intelligence in children. Conducting educational outings, teaching new skills, and supporting hobbies encouraged the development of curiosity.

These 10 ways of raising intelligence in children are easy to apply, practical, and within the reach of parents and teachers. Research has shown that they are highly effective in creating the environmental support children need to develop their intelligence.

Source : http://www.free-articles-zone.com

The All Time Top Ten Study Tips For Success In Tests And Exams

by: Michael Tipper
There comes a time in every student's life when those things that you dread begin to loom on the horizon. Depending upon how confident you are about them, your horizon will either be measured in months, or maybe days. What am I talking about? Of course I mean examinations. You may be about to go into mid term mock examinations or you could be facing your final tests.

Whatever your situation and whenever you are going to be sat in an examination room it is never too early to start getting ready for those tests. Thorough preparation will provide you with a strong foundation and will give you the confidence and belief that you can do them and that you will get the grades you want.

But where do you start and which of the hundreds of study tips and study skill ideas do you use?

I am often asked for my top ten tips when it comes to exam success and over the years I have accumulated many ideas, some of which are more effective than others. However if I were to limit myself to just the top 10 that I felt were the most powerful based on all of the work I have done in this field, here are the ones that I think are the most powerful:

1. Find your own deep and compelling reason to successfully learn your subject and pass your exams.
   
   This really is the most important of the study tips I shall share with you here because your success will be deeply rooted in your motivation to learn. Many kids at school do not want to be there and can't be bothered to try which is often why they fail. It does not mean that they are unable to learn, it just means that they have not applied themselves to the work at hand. I know that this is often true because I have met literally hundreds of people who "failed" at school by conventional standards yet later in life made the decision to go back to studying a subject because they wanted to do it. And because of their motivation to succeed the did.
   
   So what does that mean to you? Well understand that you are driven by emotional needs and not necessarily logical ones. If we were driven by logic, the world would be a much better place. So you have to find a deep emotional reason for achieving success as a student. And if you can dig deep and find that reason then nothing will stop you because you will find a way.


2. Plan your time to include study, revision and social commitments - a balance of having fun, taking breaks and studying is vital.
   
   Balance is very important to have a successful and rewarding life and the same is true when you are a student. OK you could spend every waking hour reading every book you could find and learning everything you could and yes you would pass your exams provided you had not burnt out. But it would not be fun, you would have no friends and you would definitely be out of balance.
   
   Taking appropriate breaks and giving yourself little rewards when you have finished an essay or learnt something new for your exams is vital for your success. This is because it keeps you in balance and gives you a degree of variety that keeps you fresh and alert. Yes having a night out with your friends is good for you - but only if it is as a reward for doing good work and is as part of your overall plan.


3. Use multi-coloured Mind Maps for your notes.
   
   My friend and mentor Tony Buzan developed the most powerful thinking tool ever (and I am not exaggerating here) when he invented the Mind Map. Imagine being able to get the key facts from an entire book on a single page in a way that was not only easy to remember but would stay in your memory for as long as you wanted it.
   
   Imagine having a thinking tool that allowed you to prepare essays and assignments in a fraction of the time than you do at the moment AND have them much better. Imagine being able to give a powerful hour long presentation from a single page of colourful notes that you put together in about 10 minutes.
   
   Well all these are possible with the Mind Map. It is an amazing tool that combines the power of association, the fact that we have a very strong visual processing mechanism and that it combines right and left brain processing.
   
   I have seen what Mind Maps can do for students of all ages and all abilities and if I had my way it would be a compulsory tool taught to kids from a very young age.


4. Review your notes regularly to reinforce your new-found knowledge.
   
   This is another very simple but extremely powerful tip for you. The experience of most students is that the learning that takes place in the classroom is really an information gathering exercise. When it comes to revising for their exams at the end of the year they go to their notes and often can't remember ever seeing that information before. They know they must have because the notes are in their handwriting but they can't remember anything! So the preparation for exams becomes a re-learning exercise.
   
   This study tip is so simple and powerful yet most will not bother. If at the end of every day, every week and every month you quickly scanned what you have learnt, made a few key word notes and then reviewed those ultra-condensed notes regularly, you would be amazed at how much you could remember. This only need take 10 minutes at the end of the day, half an hour at the end of the week and maybe an hour or two at the end of the month.
   
   Each time you review what you have learnt, even in condensed key word format, it is more deeply engrained in your memory.


5. Swiftly skim through your text books and course material before you read them in depth to give you an overview of your subject.
   
   Now there is not enough space here to explain why this tip is important because it is a fundamental part of learning how to read faster and absorb more information. Just trust me on this one and before you start reading, skim through your book (no more than 10 minutes) to get a feel for the contents.
   
   As you read in greater depth later on, some of what you have got from the quick scan will help put into context that information and allow you to make the necessary links in your mind and memory.
   
   Doing this will often stop you from getting stuck at any point because you will have a flavour of what is to come later in the book and this added preview can help the understanding of earlier information.


6. Learn how to remember lists of things by linking each item to a location on a journey or route you are familiar with around your town. You could even use your own home.
   
   At some point, once you have understood your subject, you will need to be able to memorise it. Many people think that just understanding it is enough to learn it but unfortunately that is not the case and so some memorization is necessary.
   
   The most powerful way of doing this is to create a "filing system" in your mind. One way to do this is to create a little journey in your imagination (it can be a real place or you can make it up). See for example the chair, the bed, the TV, the door and the window in your bedroom. If you wanted to remember a sequence of items you would link an outrageous (and therefore memorable) picture to each location.
   
   To recall the information, simply revisit the journey in your own mind and "see" the information in the silly pictures you have created.


7. Before you do any revision, warm up by doing some gentle exercise to relieve any tension in your body and to get a rush of healthy oxygen flowing to your brain.
   
   There is a saying - "a healthy body, a healthy mind" - and nowhere is this more true than when it comes to learning. Two things happen when you physically warm up before studying. First of all you get rid of any physical tension that will create stress in the body and mind (not good for learning) and secondly you will get a rush of oxygen to the brain which will help you think more clearly (definitely good for learning).


8. Do past papers under thorough exam conditions as often as possible to familiarise yourself with the format and the pressures of working under exam conditions.
   
   If you are training in a sport or practicing a musical instrument, you will practice the plays or rehearse the pieces for the big day. It would not make sense to spend months doing push ups and then turn up on the big day and expect to play soccer really well. It would also be unwise to only practice scales on your instrument and then when the big performance comes up expect a perfect recital.
   
   So the same is true of exams. Fortunately these days you can get hold of past exam papers from previous years. Do these, under the same exam conditions, over and over again so that when the big day comes you will have exam experience under your belt.
   
   Doing this will give you more confidence, much better exam techniqe and an insight into how the examiners for your subject think. Remember practice makes perfect.


9. In an exam, make sure you read the question completely and fully understand what the examiner wants before you allocate your time and begin answering the questions.
   
   This is commonsense but you would be amazed at how many people do not do this. Take your time, plan what you are going to write and then write it.


10. If you are faced with a mental block breathe deeply, relax and ask yourself "If I did know the answer to this question, what would it be?"
    
    This might sound silly but if you do it with a positive expectation that your very powerful subconcious will give you the answer, then you will be amazed at what comes to mind. The combination of the breathing, relaxation and expectation is the key. Of course you have had to have done the preparation beforehand because this won't work with information that you have not previously learnt or covered in class.

So there you have my top 10 tips. Each are very powerful and just doing one of them will make a big difference to your success...but if you do all 10...Wow!

Good luck and please do let me know how these work for you.
About The Author

Michael Tipper makes it very easy to be highly effective at learning and passing exams in a way that any student can easily achieve. To receive your free 7 day mini-course on being a highly effective student visit http://www.the77habits.com

himself@michaeltipper.com

What is Swine Flu?

What is Swine Flu?

Swine flu (swine influenza) is a disease of pigs. It is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by one of many Influenza A viruses. Approximately 1% to 4% of pigs that get swine flu die from it. It is spread among pigs by direct and indirect contact, aerosols, and from pigs that are infected but do not have symptoms. In many parts of the world pigs are vaccinated against swine flu.

Most commonly, swine flu is of the flu.mytipsonline.info”title=”" >H1N1 influenza subtype. However, they can sometimes come from the other types, such as H1N2, H3N1, and H3N2.

The current outbreak of swine flu that has infected humans is of the H1N1 type – this type is not as dangerous as some others.
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) can also infect pigs

Avian flu and human seasonal flu viruses can infect pigs, as well as swine influenza. The H3N2 influenza virus subtype, a virulent one, is thought to have come from pigs – it went on to infect humans.

It is possible for pigs to be infected with more than one flu virus subtype simultaneously. When this happens the genes of the viruses have the opportunity to mingle. When different flu subtypes mix they can create a new virus which contains the genes from several sources – a reassortant virus.

What is strep throat? What is sore throat?
Although swine influenza tends to just infect pigs, they can, and sometimes do, jump the species barrier and infect humans.

What is the risk for human health?

Outbreaks of human infection from a virus which came from pigs (swine influenza) do happen and are sometimes reported. Symptoms will generally be similar to seasonal human influenzas – this can range from mild or no symptoms at all, to severe and possibly fatal pneumonia.

As swine flu symptoms are similar to typical human seasonal flu symptoms, and other upper respiratory tract infections, detection of swine flu in humans often does not happen, and when it does it is usually purely by chance through seasonal influenza surveillance. If symptoms are mild it is extremely unlikely that any connection to swine influenza is found – even if it is there. In other words, unless the doctors and experts are specifically looking for swine flu, it is rarely detected. Because of this, we really do not know what the true human infection rate is.
Examples of known swine flu infecting humans

Since the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) implementation of IHR (2005) in 2007, they have been notified of swine influenza cases from the USA and Spain.

In March/April 2009 human cases of influenza A swine fever (H1N1) were first reported in California and Texas. Later other states also reported cases. A significant number of human cases during the same period have also been reported in Mexico – starting just in Mexico City, but now throughout various parts of the country. More cases are being reported in Canada, Europe, and New Zealand – mainly from people who have been in Mexico.
How does a human catch swine influenza?

Read More

WHO : Experts begin their assessment of the response to the H1N1 influenza pandemic

Dr Margaret Chan
Director-General of the World Health Organization

Excellencies, distinguished members of the Review Committee, representatives of member states, colleagues in the UN system, representatives of nongovernmental organizations, members of the media, ladies and gentlemen,

I am pleased to welcome you to the start of this review process. I am also pleased to see such a broad range of interests and expertise represented in this room.

This has been the first influenza pandemic in four decades. This has been the first major test of the functioning of the revised International Health Regulations, which entered into force in 2007.

The International Health Regulations have a provision that calls for a review of their functioning no later than five years after their entry into force. In 2008, the World Health Assembly decided that this first review should be undertaken by the Sixty-third World Health Assembly in May 2010.

As you know, this provision and this decision were in place prior to the onset of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.

During the January 2010 session of the Executive Board, I proposed that the scheduled IHR review could also be used to assess the international response to the influenza pandemic. The Executive Board agreed to this proposal.

I believe there is merit in assessing the performance of an international instrument, like the IHR, when put to an extreme test by a widespread and closely scrutinized infectious disease event.

As I have said before, this has been the most closely watched and carefully scrutinized pandemic in history. This gives us a vast body of scientific, clinical, and epidemiological data to assess.

Moreover, the pandemic’s spread was rapidly global. To date, laboratory confirmed cases of H1N1 pandemic influenza have been officially reported from 213 countries and overseas territories or communities. This gives us a vast and varied experience to assess.

The outbreak of SARS, the first severe new disease of the 21st century, occurred in 2003 while drafting of the revised Regulations was under way. Experiences during that outbreak led to many refinements in the Regulations, including the introduction of a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one, myself included, has unfettered power.

I see potential advantages in assessing the performance of the Regulations with a particular focus on the influenza pandemic and how it was managed, especially at the international level by WHO. When the performance of the IHR is assessed under the challenging conditions of an influenza pandemic, specific strengths and weaknesses are likely to come to light.

Ladies and gentlemen,

In planning and organizing this review, WHO aimed to facilitate a process that is independent, credible, and transparent. We want a frank and critical assessment. WHO is not defining or restricting the scope of specific issues that may arise. If our member states have questions or concerns, we want to hear these questions and concerns raised.

We are seeking lessons, about how the IHR has functioned, about how WHO and the international community responded to the pandemic, that can aid the management of future public health emergencies of international concern. And I can assure you: there will be more.

We want to know what worked well. We want to know what went wrong and, ideally, why. We want to know what can be done better and, ideally, how.

In a spirit of inclusiveness, this meeting has been opened to a range of organizations and agencies interested in improving our collective management of public health emergencies. We want to hear your views as well.

To support the credibility and independent nature of the review process, the Secretariat has been diligent in inviting a membership in this committee that is geographically balanced, that includes the views and experiences of developing and developed countries, and that represents a broad range of scientific expertise and practical experience in multiple disciplines.

The Secretariat has also been especially vigilant in seeking out possible conflicts of interest among committee members.

As I said, we want a frank, critical, transparent, credible and independent review of our performance, as well as that of the International Health Regulations. The Secretariat will do everything it can to facilitate such a process.

Thank you.

Source : http://www.who.int

Tips Pola Tidur Bayi Yang Baik

Pola hidup bayi sangat mempengaruhi pola hidup orangtuannya, oleh karena itu orang tua bisa mengajarkan bahwa malam hari adalah waktu tidur , dengan mempraktekan petunjuk berikut :
Menerapkan pola tidur malam

• Kebanyakan bayi akan tidur dimana saja Bila merasa lelah, oleh karena itu berusahalah sebaik-baiknya menghindarkan sinar terang benderang dan suara hingar-bingar di sekitar bayi yang sedang tidur.


• Ketika bayi bangun tengah malam, maka jangan memberikan stimulasi yang berlebuhan biarkan lampu redup ketika menggan ti popok atau menyusui lalu segera tidurkan kembali, jangan mengajaknya bercanda.


• Apabila bayi cenderung bangyn pagi-pagi makatutupla gordeng rapat-rapat agar menutup sinar matahari.


• Buatlah bayi terjaga selama siang hari, jika bayi ntidur sore lebih dari 3-4 jam. Maka bangunkan dan ajak bercanda.


• Bila bayi di beri ASI, susuilah dia lebih lama menjelang tidur supaya bayi tidak terganngu tidurnya dikarenakan lapar.

Membantu bayi kembali tidur

Stimulasi lembut secara berkesinambungan serin kali berhasil membujuk tidur kembali. Cobalah menepuk-nepuk,menggendongnya sambil berjalan danmengayunnya.
Apabila bayi masih menngeliat atau masih menggumam jangan salah dugabahwa dia masih terjaga. Aktivitas ini mungkinsaja tanda bahwa bayi mau tidur.
Bila bayi terjaga dan masih nangis, ingatlah bahwa menangis selama 15-20 menit tidaklah berbahaya, hanya saja pastikan kalau ia menangis bukan karena lapar atau basah.

Keselamatan bayi sewaktu tidur

• Para ahli perawatan anak menyarankan agar bayi baik tidur dalam posisi terlentang atau miring ketimbang telungkup.


• Rekomendasi ini mungkin tidak berlaku bilamana bayi lahir premature, cenderung mintah- muntah atau kondisi kesehatannya memungkinkan dia mengalami penyumbatan saluran nafas.

Bayi tak boleh tidur ditengkurapkan karena susah bernafas.
Salah! Tidur tengkurap lebih nyaman buat bayi karena membuatnya lebih nyenyak dan tak rewel, serta membantu rekoil pernafasan dada lebih teratur. Sejak lahir pun, setiap saat diletakkan di tempat tidur, bayi boleh ditengkurapkan. Pengalaman menunjukkan, dengan sering ditengkurapkan, perkembangan motoriknya angkat kepala, tengkurap, bolak-balik, duduk, dan sebagainya- lebih baik. Keberatan tidur tengkurap belakangan ini sering dikaitkan dengan tulisan mengenai SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) yang sering terjadi di negeri Barat karena bayi tidur di ranjang terpisah dari orang tua, kadang di kamar yang terpisah pula. Sedangkan di Indonesia, umumnya bayi tidur di samping orang tua dan jarang sekali ditinggal sendiri. Jadi, tak perlu takut dengan SIDS hanya karena menengkurapkan bayi.
(Diolah dari Berbagai Sumber ..)Tips Pola Tidur Bayi Yang Baik

Askep Tinnitus

Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Pasien Tinnitus

Definisi

Tinnitus merupakan gangguan pendengaran dengan keluhan selalu mendengar bunyi, namun tanpa ada rangsangan bunyi dari luar. Sumber bunyi tersebut berasal dari tubuh penderita itu sendiri, meski demikian tinnitus hanya merupakan gejala, bukan penyakit, sehingga harus di ketahui penyebabnya.(dr. Antonius HW SpTHT dalam artikel Suara Keras Sebabkan Telinga Mendenging . Indopos Online)

Tinnitus adalah suatu gangguan pendengaran dengan keluhan perasaan mendengar bunyi tanpa rangsangan bunyi dari luar. Keluhannya bisa berupa bunyi mendenging, menderu, mendesis, atau berbagai macam bunyi lainnya. Gejalanya bisa timbul terus menrus atau hilang timbul.(Putri Amalia dalam artikel Gangguan Pendengaran ”Tinnitus”.FK Universitas Islam Indonesia)


Etiologi

Penyebab terjadinya tinnitus sangat beragam, beberapa penyebabnya anatara lain :

• Kotoran yang ada di lubang telinga, yang apabila sudah di bersihkan rasa berdenging akan hilang.
• Infeksi telinga tengah dan telinga dalam.
• Gangguan darah.
• Tekanan darah yang tinggi atau rendah, dimana hal tersebut merangsang saraf pendengaran.
• Penyakit meniere’s Syndrome, dimana tekanan cairan dalam rumah siput meningkat, menyebabkan pendengaran menurun, vertigo, dan tinnitus.
• Keracunan obat.
• Penggunaan obat golongan aspirin ,dsb.

Patofisiologi

Menurut frekuensi getarannya, tinnitus terbagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu :

• Tinnitus Frekuensi rendah (low tone) seperti bergemuruh
• Tinnitus frekuensi tinggi (high tone)seperti berdenging

Tinnitus biasanya di hubungkan dengan tuli sensorineural dan dapat juga terjadi karena gangguan konduksi, yang biasanya berupa bunyi dengan nada rendah. Jika di sertai dengan inflamasi, bunyi dengung akan terasa berdenyut (tinnitus pulsasi) dan biasanya terjadi pada sumbatan liang telinga, tumor, otitis media, dll.

Pada tuli sensorineural, biasanya timbul tinnitus subjektif nada tinggi (4000Hz). Terjadi dalam rongga telinga dalam ketika gelombang suara berenergi tinggi merambat melalui cairan telinga, merangsang dan membunuh sel-sel rambut pendengaran maka telinga tidak dapat berespon lagi terhadap frekuensi suara. Namun jika suara keras tersebut hanya merusak sel-sel rambut tadi maka akan terjadi tinnitus, yaitu dengungan keras pada telinga yang di alami oleh penerita.(penatalaksanaan penyakit dan kelainan THT edisi 2 thn 2000 hal 100). Susunan telinga kita terdiri atas liang telinga, gendang telinga, tulang-tulang pendengaran, dan rumah siput. Ketika terjadi bising dengan suara yang melebihi ambang batas, telinga dapat berdenging, suara berdenging itu akibat rambut getar yang ada di dalam rumah siput tidak bisa berhenti bergetar. Kemudian getaran itu di terima saraf pendengaran dan diteruskan ke otak yang merespon dengan timbulnya denging.

Kepekaan setiap orang terhadap bising berbeda-beda, tetapi hampir setiap orang akan mengalami ketulian jika telinganya mengalami bising dalam waktu yag cukup lama. Setiap bising yang berkekuatan 85dB bisa menyebabkan kerusakan. Oleh karena itu di Indonesia telah di tetapkan nilai ambang batas yangn di perbolehkan dalam bidang industri yaitu sebesar 89dB untuk jangka waktu maksimal 8 jam. Tetapi memang implementasinya belum merata. Makin tinggi paparan bising, makin berkurang paparan waktu yang aman bagi telinga.


Gejala

Pendengaran yang terganggu biasanya di tandai dengan mudah marah, pusing, mual dan mudah lelah. Kemudian pada kasus tinnitus sendiri terdapat gejala berupa telinga berdenging yang dapat terus menerus terjadi atau bahkan hilang timbul. Denging tersebut dapat terjadi sebagai tinnitus bernada rendah atau tinggi. Sumber bunyi di ataranya berasal dari denyut nadi, otot-otot dala rongga tellinga yang berkontraksi, dan juga akibat gangguan saraf pendengaran.


Diagnosis

Tinnitus merupakan suatu gejala klinik penyakit telinga, sehingga untuk memberikan pengobatannya perlu di tegakkan diagnosa yang tepat sesuai dengan penyebab, dan biasanya memanng cukup sulit untuk di ketahui.
Untuk memastikan diagnosis perlu di tanyakan riwayat terjadinya kebisingan, perlu pemerikasaan audio-metri nada murni (pure tone audiometry). Pada pemeriksaan nada murni gamabaran khas berupa takik (notch) pada frekuensi 4kHz. Anamnesis merupakan hal utama dan terpenting dalam menegakkan diagnosa tinnitus. Hal yang perlu di gali adalah seperti kualitas dan kauantitas tinnitus, apakah ada gejala lain yangmenyertai, seperti vertigo, gangguan pendengaran, atau gejala neurologik. Pemeriksaan fisik THT dan otoskopi harus secara rutin di lakukan, dan juga pemeriksaan penala, audiometri nada murni, audiometri tutur, dan bila perlu lakkukan ENG.


Pencegahan

Pencegahan terhadap tinnitus adalah sebagai berikut :

• Hindari suara-suara yang bising, jangan terlalu sering mendengarkan suara bising(misalnya diskotik, konser musik, walkman, loudspeaker, telpon genggam)
• Batasi pemakaian walkman, jangan mendengar dengan volume amat maksimal
• Gunakan pelindung telinga jika berada di tempat bising.
• Makanlah makanan yang sehat dan rendah garam
• Minumlah vitamin yang berguna bagi saraf untuk melakukan perbaikan, seperti ginkogiloba, vit A dan E
• Lain-lain

Diagnosa Keperawatan yang Mungkin Muncul

1. Cemas b/d kurangnya informasi tentang gangguan pendengaran (tinnitus)
   
   Tujuan / Kriteria Hasil:
   • Tidak terjadi kecemasan, pengetahuan klien terhadap penyakit meningkat
   Intervensi :
   • Kaji tingkat kecemasan / rasa takut
   • Kaji tingkat pengetahuan klien tentang gangguan yang di alaminya
   • Berikan penyuluhan tentang tinnitus
   • Yakinkan klien bahwa penyakitnya dapat di sembuhkan
   • Anjurkan klien untuk rileks, dan menghindari stress.


2. Gangguan istirahat dan tidur b/d gangguan pendengaran
   
   Tujuan / Kriteria Hasil :
   • Gangguan tidur dapat teratasi atau teradaptasi
   Intervensi :
   • Kaji tingkat kesulitan tidur
   • Kolaborasi dalam pemberian obat penenang/ obat tidur
   • Anjurkan klien untuk beradaptasi dengan gangguan tersebut.


3. Resiko kerusakan interaksi sosial b/d hambatan komunikasi
   
   Tujuan / Kriteria Hasil :
   • Resiko kerusakan interaksi sosial dapat di minimalkan
   Intervensi :
   • Kaji kesulitan mendengar
   • Kaji seberapa parah gangguan pendengaran yang di alami klien
   • Jika mungkin bantu klien memahami komunikasi nonverbal
   • Anjurkan klien menggunakan alat bantu dengar setiap di perlukan jika tersedia.

Sumber

• Doenges, Marilynn,E, dkk. Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan. Edisi ketiga, penerbit buku kedokteran. EGC.1999.
• dr. Antonius HW SpTHT dalam artikel Suara Keras Sebabkan Telinga Mendenging . (Indopos Online)
• Putri Amalia.Dalam artikel kesehatan.Tinnitus.FK. Universitas Islam Indonesia
• www.suarasurabaya.net/v05/konsultasikesehatan/?p=126
• www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/2006/022006/09/cakrawala/lainnya04.htm
• www.sinarharapan.co.id/iptek/kesehatan/2003/031/kes3.html
• www.solusisehat.net/tips_kesehatan.php?id=496
• www.radarlampung.co.id/edisi_minggu/keluarga/denging,_efek_listrik_tubuh.radar
• http://jurnalnasional.com/?med=about%20us